How To Rip A Dvd On A Mac Free

'Ripping DVDs to MP4 format and decoding. Looking for help...I have no experience in this at all.'

Rip DVDs using Handbrake with libdvdcss. After this, Handbrake will be able to read your encrypted DVDs. Steps to Rip (Protected) DVDs with Handbrake on Windows (10) or Mac. Note: The process for ripping a DVD on Windows and Mac is virtually the same. Here I will take the Windows process for example to show you how to decrypt and rip DVDs using. Step 1: Download and install VLC. After you inserting the DVD onto your computer, go to the official download site of the VLC media player, find the latest version of the installer file to download and install VLC on your PC, Mac, or Linux computer. Step 2: Find the Open Media panel.

While Netflix and YouTube might be your main source for entertainment now, old-style DVD disc never disappears. Whether you have a box set or a ton of DVDs, be them homemade or commercial, better extract the DVD media content to save into MP4 or other digital formats, for more flexible options of watching, or just in case they get broken or lost.

When it comes to DVD backup, MP4 is always preferred as the first choice. Why is that? Simply put, converting DVD to MP4 ensures the best balance between video quality and file size, which should cover most people's needs. But how to convert DVD to MP4 for free? We find 5 best ways for you.

Click the links below to jum to the part you are most interested in.

  • Part 1: Convert DVD to MP4 with VideoProc Converter
  • Part 2: Convert DVD to MP4 with HandBrake
  • Part 3: Convert DVD to MP4 with VLC
  • Part 4: Convert DVD to MP4 with MakeMKV
  • Part 5: Convert DVD to MP4 with Windows Media Player
  • Part 6: FAQs

Part 1 - Convert DVD to MP4 with VideoProc Converter

The predecessor of VideoProc Converter is a DVD ripper software. You can surely rely on VideoProc Converter for DVD to MP4 conversion.


  • • It offers the fastest solution for you to convert a DVD on Windows and macOS, making full use of hardware acceleration.
  • • It supports any DVDs, including 99-title DVDs, region-locked DVDs, Disney DVDs, latest movie DVDs and workout DVDs.
  • • It can directly convert DVDs to MP4 H264, HEVC, ISO image, MPEG, MKV, AVI, or MP4 for iPhone, Android, YouTube, etc.
  • • It allows you to edit the converted DVD video such as to rotate, cut, crop, add/change subtitles, add watermark, and change speed.
  • • You have full control over the settings of codecs, frame rates, resolutions, aspect ratio, bit rate, etc. to balance quality and file size.

Now, way more than that, VideoProc Converter is a hardware-accelerated comprehensive video processing tool that allows you to tackle with media files like DVDs, videos, audios and YouTube links. You can also edit, compress, download and record videos at one go.

Download VideoProc Converter to Fast Convert DVD to MP4 Now!

How to Convert DVD to MP4 with VideoProc Converter?

Step 1: Open VideoProc Converter and get into VideoPro - DVD center.

Step 2: Click DVD Disc to load the content.

Step 3: Move down to Target Format and choose MP4 h.264.

Step 4: Set an output folder and press button RUN to copy DVD to computer.

Click below to upgrade to VideoProc Converter Lifetime License with 55% OFF discount coupon | $35.95$78.90


Part 2 - Convert DVD to MP4 with HandBrake

Handbrake is an FFmpeg-based open-source media converter. This free DVD ripper has hardly any features missing compared to commercial converters. It's an 80s-style interface with difficult video jargons often put a rookie even off. However, the fact is you will be hard-pressed to find any free or paid converter more versatile and powerful converter than Handbrake.

Can Handbrake convert DVD to MP4?

Handbrake allows you to rip DVD or Blu-ray Discs into MP4 or MKV files for digital use. It offers myriad of settings for output parameters including video/audio encoding modes, partition types, resolutions, bitrate, frame rate, languages, subtitles, filters and more. Those options may easily get beginners baffled, but are very useful for experts who want full control over the output digital file.

How to Convert DVD to MP4 with Handbrake?

Step 1: Choose the DVD file

After launching Handbrake on our computer, it will automatically detect the DVD driver that already installed on your computer. Click the target DVD driver on the section of Source Selection.

Step 2: Select the seasons you need to convert.

Go to the drop-down of Title. You are going to see many clips with different lengths. If you are holding a movie disc, then the clip that comes with the longest duration would be the main movie.

Step 3: Adjust the output settings.

  1. Go to the right of this panel, scroll down to find Normal on the section of Legacy and select it. You can choose other presets as you like.
  2. Go to Output settings, and select MP4 as the output container.
  3. Click Filters. There you need to set Decomb for Deinterlace and Fast for Interlace Detection.
  4. Click Video, and set Constant Framerate.

Step 4: Click Browse to set a destination file folder. Click the green Start Encode button. Now handbrake starts to rip DVD to MP4.

Why won't handbrake rip my DVD to MP4?

Check your discs at the first place. There shouldn't be any scratches or visible gray or Handbrake won't read the discs directly. If the error still exists, then the problem might be:

1. The DVD you are converting comes with copy protection.

Handbrake can't decode any encrypted DVDs or Blu-ray discs on its own. There are chances you can walk it through by installing the Libdvdcss file on your computer, but the effect is hard to be guaranteed. You are more suggested to use a commercial DVD ripper to convert encrypted discs to MP4.

2. Your CPU or RAM is out of usage.

It is a long and labor-intensive process to decoding and encoding the large DVD movies with Handbrake. Our computer needs to assign as much as CPU resource to Handbrake to make sure it works properly. That is to say, don't load any additional tasks when using Handbrake to convert DVD to MP4, or the app would fail to work.

Part 3 - Convert DVD to MP4 with VLC

VLC Media Player is best known as a versatile multi-media player which basically can play almost all sorts of video and audio (DVD files, MOV, AVI, MP4, MKV, WMA, MP3, WAV, and many more) that on our computers without extra codecs installed. But few people know it's also an inclusive and robust video converter and DVD ripper that is capable to flawlessly convert DVD to MP4 on Windows, Mac, and Linux

Can VLC convert DVD to MP4?

VLC can convert unencrypted DVD, Blu-ray, Audio DVD, and SVCD/VCD to MP4 as well as TS, WebMD formats in a relatively easy manner. It comes with full sets of controls on the generated video that allow users to adjust the encoding parameters, resolutions, filters, frame rate, etc.

How to Convert DVD to MP4 with VLC?

Step 1: Select the target DVD

Go to media > Convert/Save, and then choose Disc.
Click Browse to select the target Disc device

Step 2: Select the copy content

By default, the option of No disc menus should be ticked. You can untick that option to rip DVD with the menu.

Step 3: Convert DVD to MP4

Click Convert/Save in the bottom of the left corner to open up a new panel. In the section of Settings, you can find Profile. Select Video – H.265 + MP3(MP4), or H.264 + MP3(MP4) as the formats since you need MP4 output.

Step 4: Choose an easy to be found folder as the destination output file folder. Click Start and VLC will start to rip DVD to MP4.

How to Fix No Sound When Converting DVD to MP4 Using VLC?

1. Stick on the VLC default setting for output format (H.264/H.265 + MP3). The audio codec you select on VLC doesn't support the MP4 container. MP4 is not capable of supporting all sorts of audios, as like, it can't go with PCM, WMA, G.728, and partially support Vorbis and FLAC audio codec.

2. Make the original audio sample rate matches the generated file. The generated MP4 video won't come with an audio stream if the sample rate setting for the audio file doesn't match the source information.

Part 4 - Convert DVD to MP4 with MakeMKV

MakeMKV is one of the most popular DVD digitalizing tools in the market. It can instantly read and convert DVD and Blu-ray discs protected by the latest versions of AACS and BD+. It is available for Windows, Mac OS X and Linux. Moreover, its beta version is now free with all features included.

Can MakeMKV convert DVD to MP4?

MakeMKV was born to DVD digitalization, but it only converts DVDs to MKV files which are not well supported by many players. If you want a better-supported MP4 copy of your DVD, then you have to re-convert it with other video converters or transcoders.

How to convert DVD to MP4 with MakeMKV?

MakeMKV is a light-weight and free DVD converter that reads and converts DVD quickly. But just like others, it takes much time in the converting process. Now follow the steps to convert DVD to MKV in 5 steps, and just wait for exported movie.

Step 1: Insert the DVD that you want to convert.

Step 2: Launch MakeMKV, and select the drive with the disc in it.

Step 3: Click the big disk button in the center of the UI, and the software will start to read the disc.

Step 4: Tick the title that you want to convert (usually the one in the biggest size), and choose an output folder.

Step 5: Hit Make MKV, and it will start the conversion.

MakeMKV preserves the best video quality, all video and audio tracks, and chapter information, and at the same time, the final video will remain the original size which a two-hour movie DVD will reach up to 5+GB. If you have limited storage, then you should consider some tools that can highly compress DVD videos.

Part 5 - Convert DVD to MP4 with Windows Media Player

Windows Media Player, also called WMP, is a media player and media library utility on Windows 7/8.1/10. It enables Windows users to play, store and organize (including easy edits) video/audio files as well as images. It supports a wide range of media formats, such as MP4, AVI, WMV, MP3, M4A, FLAC, etc.

Can Windows Media Player convert DVD to MP4?

Windows Media Player can't convert DVD to MP4. All versions of WMP are not capable of converting DVD to MP4 due to the copy protection issue. On Windows 10, Microsoft removed DVD playback utility from Windows Media Player. You are not allowed to play nor copy DVDs with Windows Media Player since then.

How to convert DVD to MP4 with Windows Media Player?

Since it's no way to convert DVD to MP4 with Windows Media Player, though you can find many so-called guides on how to convert DVD to MP4 with WMP, they usually end up with a tutorial of other software, or other functions of WMP, e.g. convert CD to MP3 on Windows 7.

DVD to MP4 FAQs

Is converting DVD to MP4 legal?

Generally speaking, backup any content with copyright for infringing purposes like commercial redistribution, whether you own it legally or not, is illegal. But when it comes to converting DVD to MP4 for personal use, things are different from country to country.

  1. United States: According to Title 17 of the United States Code, it is illegal to copy protected DVDs without the consent of owners. But there is no clear statement for non-commercial use. So if you really need to backup media, convert DVD to MP4 for personal use only.
  2. United Kingdom: people who own the DVD can legally backup the DVD.
  3. Japan: DVD backup became illegal since October 1, 2012.
  4. German: Circumventing the copy protection is illegal, but you are allowed to convert DVD to MP4 for personal use.

What is the fastest way to convert a DVD to MP4?

  1. Run the DVD to MP4 conversion on a high-end computer.
  2. External DVD drive would help speed up your DVD backup a bit.
  3. Convert DVD to MP4 with GPU acceleration enabled to maximize the use of your engine.
  4. Use DVD to MP4 converter software that is able to deal with copy protections like CSS or 99 titles, or you will get stuck at the first decoding step forever. VideoProc Converter and WinX DVD Ripper are two good options.
Free Download VideoProc Converter to Convert DVD to MP4 on Windows 10/Mac

How to Rip DVD to MP4 in best quality?

  1. Convert DVD to MP4 HEVC instead of MP4 H.264. Same file size but better quality.
  2. Keep the original video resolution. Better not upscale or compress the video.
  3. Don't lower the frame rate unless you have to. Being fluency is another kind of good quality.
  4. Do some simple editing like stabilization, if your video turns out to be shaky.
  5. As to bit rate, VBR or ABR should be more preferred than CBR. And before reaching to a certain level, the higher the value of bit rate, the higher the quality of video.

How long does it take to convert a DVD into MP4 H.264?

It depends. If you use a DVD to MP4 converter that supports hardware acceleration like VideoProc Converter, about 8 to 12 minutes should be enough to complete the backup of a DVD of two hours or so. When using software encoding only, converting a 120-min DVD to MP4 on Intel Core i7-8700K might take you 20 to 40 minutes, or even longer.

Are you a DVD lover? If you store lots of DVDs, it will take you too much room. DVD discs will be scratched and damaged inevitably if they are not placed well enough. And one of the resolutions to fix the problem is ripping DVD to MP4 that can be fully compatible with virtually all devices. So how do you rip DVD to video formats? In this article, we offer 10 free solutions for you to rip DVD to MP4, and you can choose whichever solution you like.

Method 1: Rip DVD to MP4 with the best Free DVD Ripper

Blu-ray Master Free DVD Ripper is totally free and quite easy to use free DVD ripping software. It has the ability to rip any DVD disc/folder/IFO files to popular videos like MP4, AVI, MOV, MKV, M4V, WMV, FLV, MPEG, and more. With this Free DVD Ripper tool , you can adjust display effect by changing brightness, contrast, saturation and hue. Enable watermark by adding text or picture. After converting, you can enjoy your ripped DVD videos free on digital device like iPhone 12 Pro Max/12 Pro/12/12 mini/11/X/XS/XR/8/7/7 plus/6s/6s plus/6/6 plus/SE/5s/5/4s, iPad Pro/mini 4/Air, iPod, Samsung, HTC, LG, Huawei and other digital devices.

Download and Launch the program

Firstly, insert DVD disc to the DVD drive, download and install the program, and then launch the program. Click 'Load Disc' button to load the DVD disc or folder you want to rip to the main interface.

Step 2

Edit DVD with multiple editing features

Rip A Dvd Mac

Click 'Profile' drop-down list to select MP4 output format. Click 'Edit' button to open Edit window, you can crop video frame, adjust video effect like video brightness, saturation, hue and contrast, and add text/image watermark to video.

Start to convert DVD to video

The last step you need to do is clicking the 'Convert' button to rip DVD to your selected video format. The ripping process will be completed within a few minutes.

Method 2: How to rip DVD to MP4 with HandBrake

First of all, the software we recommend is HandBrake. It is a famous DVD-to-MP4 ripper available. Although it is free of charge, HandBrake has lots of features for you to rip DVD to MP4. Here are the steps.

Step 1. Download HandBrake for free and install it. Then launch this program on your personal computer.

Step 2. When HandBrake's friendly interface shows up, click the 'Source' button on the top left corner and choose the DVD you want to rip to MP4.

Step 3. Select a destination folder to save the converted file and then click the 'Output Settings' and choose MP4 format in the dropdown list.

Step 4. After finishing all the above settings, the final thing you need to do is simply click on the 'Start' button and the ripping process will begin.

Method 3: How to rip DVD to MP4 via VLC

The section just shares another DVD to MP4 ripper - VLC Media Player, which you may have already downloaded in your computer. VLC is free software and it is easy to operate. So it is a good choice for you to rip DVD to MP4. Here are the steps.

Step 1. If you don't have VLC, download it then and launch it on your computer. Then load the DVD you want to convert.

Step 2. Click 'Media' and click 'Convert/Save' in the dropdown list. Then the 'Open Media' window will show up, and now you should click 'Disc'.

Step 3. Check the 'DVD' box and choose the right DVD drive in the 'Disc Device' box. You can also tweak other settings here. Next, click on the 'Convert/Save' button.

Step 4. Choose a type of codec and container you want to use or just keep the default. Then click 'Browse' to make a name which end up with .MP4 and choose the destination for your file.

Step 5. Finally, click on the 'Start' button to start ripping DVD to MP4. When the ripping process is completed, click 'Stop' to finish it.

Method 4: How to rip DVD to MP4 with WinX DVD Ripper

VLC is a good DVD ripper when you care little about the video quality. But if you want a high quality video and more functions in software, WinX DVD Ripper is a good option for you. Let's see how to rip DVD to MP4 by WinX DVD Ripper.

Step 1. Download and install WinX DVD Ripper for free and launch this program on your personal computer.

Step 2. When you see the interface of WinX DVD Ripper, click 'DVD Disc' icon and select the DVD you want to rip to MP4.Then click 'OK'.

Step 3. After a while, the main DVD title will be checked automatically and the Output Profile window will appear, too. Choose 'MP4 Video' under 'General Profiles' category.

Step 4. Click 'Browse' at the bottom to choose the destination folder for your converted video and finally click 'Run' to rip DVD to MP4.

Method 5: How to rip DVD to MP4 via Freemake Video Converter

Here is another software to rip DVD to MP4, which is called Freemake Video Converter. Freemake Video Converter is all-in-one video converter software. It is also free and simple to use. Here are the specific steps.

Step 1. First you need to download Freemake Video Converter that is completely free. And then launch this video converter on your computer.

Step 2. At the interface of Freemake Video Converter, click '+DVD' to choose the DVD disc you want and tick these DVD titles that you want to rip to MP4.

Step 3. In the video lines, you can change the audio track and subtitles of your video. What's more, you can also embed subtitles you have downloaded to your video.

Dvd

Step 4. Select MP4 as the format of your ripped video and then choose the DVD quality under 'Preset'. At last, click 'Convert' to rip DVD to MP4.

Method 6: How to rip DVD to MP4 with Free DVD Video Converter

Another software to rip DVD to MP4 is Free DVD Video Converter. Free DVD Video Converter is a free program without spyware or adware, so it is safe enough to download and use. Next are the steps to rip DVD to MP4 by Free DVD Video Converter.

Step 1. Free download Free DVD Video Converter and install and open it. Click the first 'Browse' button on the interface to choose the targeted DVD drive or folder.

Step 2. Click 'Choose' button to select the DVD title you want to rip and you can also set the languages and subtitles for your video here.

Step 3. Click the second 'Browse' button to choose the destination folder and then choose MP4 as the format under 'Format'.

Step 4. Under 'Presets', you can specify the presets of your video. And after all these, click 'Convert' in the right corner to start ripping DVD to MP4.

Method 7: How to rip DVD to MP4 with MakeMKV

MakeMKV is a 1-click solution to convert video clips from proprietary disc into MKV files on Windows and Mac. It is a format converter, also called 'transcoder'. The output MKV format can store multiple video or audio tracks and preserve chapters. You can rip DVDs or Blu-ray discs to MP4 with the following steps.

Step 1. Open MakeMKV on your computer. As you insert the DVD disc into DVD drive, the program will automatically detect and show the DVD disc.

Step 2. Click the DVD drive icon, and the program will start scanning the DVD drive. It will take a few minutes to finish scanning titles on disc.

Step 3. Once the scanning complete, you can select the title from the drop down menu. Then, choose the output folder where the MKV file will be saved.

Step 4. After all is set, click 'Make MKV' button to start converting DVD to MKV file.

Method 8: How to rip DVD to MP4 with MediaCoder

MediaCoder is a universal media transcoding program for Windows and Mac. More than a video/audio transcoder, it is a DVD Ripper that supports ripping DVD to common video or audio formats. Follow the steps below to extract MP4 from DVD.

Step 1. Get MediaCoder from its official website. Insert the DVD disc into DVD drive and run MediaCoder on your computer. Select 'Add Track' option from 'File' menu.

Step 2. Select DVD as the Track Type. Click the three-dots button to browse VIDEO_TS folder under the DVD drive. Select the tracks and chapters you want to convert. After that, click Add button to import the DVD to program.

Step 3. Click Video tab on the buttom of the program. You can select the video bitrate, format, rate mode, and more. Then, you can choose the output folder on the top right corner. After all settings done, click START to begin changing DVD into MP4 format.

Method 9: How to rip DVD to MP4 with WonderFox Free DVD Ripper

WonderFox Free DVD Ripper is a professional DVD ripper that can convert your DVD disc/ISO image file or folder to video for free. It is simple to use with a clean and intuitive user interface. It offers flexible options to edit, trim, crop videos, add effects and subtitles.

Step 1. Run Wonderfox Free DVD Ripper on your Windows computer or Mac. Insert the DVD disc to the DVD drive. Click the main interface to load the DVD disc into the program.

Step 2. You can adjust the video settings for different devices. Then, select the output folder where the MP4 file will be saved. Click 'Start' to begining the conversion.

Method 10: How to rip DVD to MP4 with FreeStar Free DVD Ripper

FreeStar Free DVD Ripper is a fast DVD ripper that can rip DVD to MPEG-1, MPEG-2, MPEG-4, AVI, VCD, SVCD, DivX, and XviD formats on Windows and Mac. You can easily backup DVD movies to MP4 files and extract soundtracks from DVDs.

Step 1. Download, install and run FreeStar Free DVD Ripper on your computer. Click 'OpenDVD' tab to start loading DVD disc to the program.

Step 2. Click 'General Option' on the buttom of the program and select the output file format as MP4 and destination. If you want to adjust video or audio settings, you can click 'Advanced Option' button.

Step 3. After all settings done, click 'Rip' button to start extracting MP4 file from your DVD disc.

Method 11: How to Convert DVD to MP4 with DVD Decrypter

Another great software for converting DVD to MP4 is DVD Decrypter. You can use it for Mac or Windows to rip any DVD to MP4, MKV, AVI, MP3, and more in high definition (HD). The software is powerful when ripping and converting the DVDs.

Step 1. Download and install DVD Decrypter on your computer. After installation, launch it. Then, insert the DVD that you want to rip to your Mac and make sure that you have enough free disk space.

Step 2. When you open the program, select the right DVD drive from the “Source” field. Under “Destination”, choose the destination where you want to store the ripped file by clicking the folder icon.

Step 3. Choose “IFO” under the “Mode” tab.

Step 4. In the end, click the “DVD to Hard Drive” button to start the DVD to MP4 ripping process. When the ripping is completed, you will get a VOB file.

Method 12: How to Convert DVD to MP4 on Mac with MacX DVD Ripper

MacX DVD Ripper is another powerful DVD to MP4 ripper. It is able to rip DVDs to all popular video formats, including MP4, AVI, MOV, FLV, etc.

Step 1. Launch the program and then insert your DVD.

Step 2. Then, select MP4 as the output format from “General Profiles”.

Step 3. Choose the destination folder for saving the converted file by clicking the “Browse”.

Step 4. Click the RUN button for DVD to MP4 ripping.

Method 13: How to Convert DVD to MP4 on Mac with Any DVD Converter

Any DVD Converter is another popular tool that helps you rip the DVD on Mac. It offers free version to let you convert DVD to MP4. Here’s how to do:

Step 1. After the installation of the program, insert the DVD you’d like to rip and then run the program.

Step 2. Click “Add File(s)” and select the DVD for conversion.

Step 3. Open the “Profile” drop-down list and choose the preferred output format.

How Do You Rip A Dvd On A Mac

Step 4. Then, choose the destination from “Output Location”. In the end, click “Convert Now” to start the conversion.

Method 14: How to Convert DVD to MP4 on Mac with Xilisoft DVD Ripper

Xilisoft DVD Ripper offers a free version for Mac users to rip DVD to MP4, MOV, M4V, etc. It also allows you to edit videos, like cropping, adjusting effects, clipping, rotating, and more. You can follow the steps below to rip DVDs to MP4.

Step 1. Open the DVD ripper on your computer. Then, hit “Add File(s)” to load your DVD

Step 2. Select MP4 as the output format from the drop-down list by clicking the “Profile” button.

Step 3. After selecting the output format, click “Rip Checked Item(s)” button on the toolbar to complete the task.

More: Rip DVD to MP4 with AnyMP4 Video Converter Ultimate

After seeing the above top 10 solutions about how to rip DVD to MP4, you may be confused about which one you should choose. As a matter of fact, there is the best way to help you successfully rip DVD to MP4, and that is by using AnyMP4 Video Converter Ultimate. This is the most comprehensive converter available and with it, you can easily rip your DVD to MP4. Now let's see how it works.

Step 1. First of all, free download Video Converter Ultimate and install and launch this program on your computer.

Step 2. In the clear interface, click the 'Add File' button in order to choose the DVD disc you would like to rip.

Step 3. Check the videos and click 'Edit' button, then you come to the edit window. Here, you can adjust the effect of your video and customize it as you like.

Step 4. Click 'Profile' to choose MP4 as the format for your converted video. Then click 'Browse' and choose an output folder to save the file.

Step 5. At last, when you have finished all the settings, simply click 'Convert' and AnyMP4 Video Converter Ultimate will rip DVD to MP4 for you.

FAQs of Ripping DVD to MP4

How To Rip A Dvd On A Mac Free Without

1. Should I rip standard DVD to MP4 at 1080p?

What resolution you should use will depend on your DVD. Remember though that video DVDs offer a maximum resolution of 720 × 576. There’s no conversion that will provide you with a 1080p video from a DVD. Just go with the native resolution and don't scale the video. It will hurt your quality, because you're re-encoding an already-encoded video when you're ripping it.

2. Can iTunes convert DVD to MP4?

Dvd To Mac Ripper

No. While iTunes does not have an import DVD option, you can use DVD ripper to rip a DVD to the iTunes supported format, like MP4, AVI, and more.

3. Can Nero convert DVD to MP4?

Yes. Nero is a popular software suite of DVD authoring tools. While most of the Nero applications are devoted to publishing media onto DVD, Nero Recode was developed to extract media from DVDs. The program can read discs and digitally encode them into video.

How To Rip A Dvd On A Mac Free Software

What do you think of this post?

Excellent

Rating: 4.9 / 5 (229 Votes)